Female Management Roles in Construction

Female Management Roles in Construction The subject introduced in this article is about the disregard of ladies in completing corporate jobs in spite of their training in the specialized topics. Despite the fact that there has been governmental policy regarding minorities in society and equivalent open door implanted in the technique of corporate enlistment, the requirements of the lady structural designer has not been completely met. It has been hard for the ladies to get to the top most administration positions. The absence of enough instruction, preparing just as understanding previously, to some point, clarified the issues ladies experienced in landing the executives positions. These days, a huge and without a doubt an expanding level of ladies in UK are also skilled as any man. This has prompted a superior sexual orientation allotment of employments, however word related disengagement has stayed a main issue. Despite the fact that more ladies currently are in the executives positions, they will in general be clustered at lower the board levels and in less significant territories. In all cases, however, their way in to top administrative employments has ever been seriously confined. Additionally, instructive frameworks, the broad communications just as the enrollment and techniques of advancement have routinely organized specific sex inclinations and unwittingly keep on affecting unfair practices with according to ladies. Governments, endeavors along with associations, have from the time in the past investigated methods of killing segregation as depicted in this article ensuring that there is sexual orientation balance. Maybe the best snag is still how to make the structures inside associations progressively delicate to sexual orientation fairness ideas and practice. All laborers and bosses affiliations have an overwhelmingly significant task to carry out in spurring working environment change in mentalities just as practices to advance sexual orientation correspondence all things considered and to distinguish and urge distinct techniques to empower ladies to get to more elevated levels of the executives and advancement this unattainable rank. This article clarifies the predicament of the lady and wants that the ladies should be concurred rights which are equivalent to those of male partners. The point here is that there ought to be no injustice, yet in addition that ladies should have the option to e njoy every one of their privileges, which requests the recognizable proof along with the disposal of hindrances other than the ones of a lawful sort. It is here talked about that ladies are qualified for the satisfaction of every single human right, including those appropriate to monetary advancement along with assets. The nonappearance of equivalent right of passage to assets and the open doors speaks to a nullification of general human rights, along these lines making hindrances to decency among ladies and men that carry on womens monetary disparity and furthermore destitution. Equivalent treatment ladies as showed in this article in financial and public activity is thusly a precondition for the full accomplishment of these rights. Moreover, association culture proposes that the idea of the workplace particularly in the development area looked by ladies who seek to the executives positions decides their destiny more than their own qualities, abilities and practices. Conduct twofol d ties, correspondence and authority styles, old kid systems, posturing, and contrasting male and female perspectives toward power are other social and social clarifications. Its without a doubt that surprising advancement has been accomplished in boosting ladies introduction into callings and administrative employments over late years. In the UK, the quantity of ladies in the official administration positions is moderately low contrasted with their capabilities. They contained few officials in the studied associations in this article. All through, the article is in quest for uniformity in the administration to be appeared in the female structural architects of UK. It tries to invalidate the thought that demonstrable skill is an idea overwhelmed by men. The work in the development business is powerful now and again and will at call upon those in the board to effectively partake in it. Entering a male ruled work environment is fairly awkward to the full move that can be made by the lady in doing her tasks as a director. There could be sexual jokes and a language that the lady couldn't endure. The setting of a structural building work depicts a ton of rawness and the setting in that could influence ladies as they may feel awkward. The portrayal of ladies in the field of structural building is exceptionally poor particularly at the senior degrees of the executives. The structure and association of the structural building firms appear to have a ton of issues for the female sex. Technique and Participant profile The article utilized subjective exploration by receiving an ethnographic way to deal with information assortment, with interviews which were semi-organized as the fundamental technique. The primary plan to be investigated here was to set up the experience of ladies development engineers in their calling. This subjective examination runs contrary to the natural order of things of utilizing numerical information to acquire results. The methodology utilized in this article has sorted out story or words to find topics and connections in a non-numerical way. Subjective information is what isn't effectively quantifiable and it isn't totally objective yet may require judgment and understanding. The scientist has likewise assumed a significant job in the examination accidentally by deciphering the outcomes; in spite of the fact that as the exploration information investigation of the outcomes this paper was finished by getting reference to numerous different sources and in this manner, it is felt this expanded the meticulousness and legitimacy of this subjective work. The ethnographic way to deal with this work is generally proper as the two arrangements of members (ladies in structure and building destinations) are for the most part individuals. This implies general examples of encounters in the work are perfect aside from in various or extraordinary settings. All through the examination defense is given for activities. Answers for questions which the scientist may have asked are addressed giving this examination meticulousness and legitimacy. In any case if being extremely basic, one could make reference to this is certifiably not a substantial time scale and consequently could be a shortcoming too. The articles point is to distinguish how much the ladies in structural designing and developments have been fused in the administration level in the business. Data for this examination was assembled utilizing an ethnographic methodology. To do this perception in addition to nitty gritty field notes were taken. In this phase of the examination article, (the theoretical) the data is exceptionally shallow however gives an enthusiasm to keep perusing. This subjective specialist mixes and montages to frame another extensive creation or another important entire out of particular pieces of what the scientist is considering or at the end of the day out of the real world. The scientist along these lines can be portrayed as a blanket producer; a blanket creator who utilizes a muti-technique way to deal with form a complex, and more extravagant investigation of the issues influencing ladies structural specialists in UK. Thus it has no fundamental definition, for it is never only a certain somet hing. It clearly endeavors to characterize social investigations. From that point onward, some scholastic and disciplinary protections from subjective examination are contemplated and followed by a conversation of the significant contrasts in research styles among subjective and quantitative methodologies. In short, subjective methodology underscores esteem, ethnographic exposition, rich depictions, responding to the how question On the other hand, the quantitative methodology stresses estimations, esteem free, investigation of connections, objective, experimental techniques, unoriginal third individual composition The historical backdrop of subjective exploration is summed up in a few times. In every one of these times, the specialists have been impacted by their political expectations and philosophies, finding discoveries in their examination that affirmed earlier hypotheses or convictions. Subjective examination in any case concentrated on the target, the standards, and the traditional ethnography. Later on the pioneer stage known by the brilliant age followed. The subsequent time focused on the investigation of the subjective materials in normalized measurable structures. The obscured kinds offered route to an increasingly pluralistic, open finished point of view. The logical type of the brilliant age finished on the entryway steps of a wide scope of ideal models, and methods of gathering and examining observational materials. The fourth second or the emergency of portrayal in the mid-1980s was the consequence of the obscured classifications. The specialist in the article here addressed models of truth, strategies, and portrayals in setting up the predicament of ladies structural architects. Distinguishing proof and Discussion of Strength and Weaknesses The test that has been there for some ladies in the structural designing field has been that of adjusting the work and no-work jobs. This has been an extraordinary weight at home and furthermore at the working environment which may not so much be the situation with men. Despite the fact that the segregation from the social and association is difficult to break, now and again it is ladies themselves who are hesitant to venture out break the roof which start from their brain. Also, dedicated is the essential weapon that drives each individual to the method of achievement. There are no any stunts or strategies to break this divider that has been put before them. Each fruitful lady just demonstrates their capacity with huge exertion. To counter such factors, a jointed exertion is fundamental on all levels by a wide range of associations and foundations. As found in this article, the current enemy of separation enactment and equivalent open door activities expect that correspondence will be accomplished if associations treat ladies equivalent to men. The methodology draws basically on liberal, equivalence thought of equity where similarity is decided against a unitary standard of male attributes and conduct. This is hazardous on the grounds that it overlooks womens relationship to the private circle.

The Geoglyphic Art of Chiles Atacama Desert

The Geoglyphic Art of Chiles Atacama Desert More than 5,000 geoglyphs-ancient gems set on or worked into the scene have been recorded in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile in the course of recent years. A synopsis of these examinations shows up in a paper by Luis Briones entitled The geoglyphs of the north Chilean desert: an archeological and creative perspective,â published in the March 2006 issue of the diary Antiquity.â The Geoglyphs of Chile The most popular geoglyphs on the planet are the Nazca lines, worked between 200 BC and 800 AD, and found roughly 800 kilometers away in seaside Peru. The Chilean glyphs in the Atacama Desert are undeniably increasingly various and changed in style, spread an a lot bigger locale (150,000 km2 versus the 250 km2 of the Nazca lines), and were worked somewhere in the range of 600 and 1500 AD. Both the Nazca lines and the Atacama glyphs had various emblematic or ceremonial purposes; while researchers accept the Atacama glyphs moreover had a crucial job in the transportation organize associating the incomparable South American civilizations.Built and refined by a few South American societies likely including Tiwanaku and Inca, just as less-propelled bunches the broadly changed geoglyphs are in geometric, creature and human structures, and in around fifty distinct sorts. Utilizing ancient rarities and expressive qualities, archeologists accept the most punctual were first developed during t he Middle Period, starting around 800 AD. The latest might be related with early Christian customs in the sixteenth century. Some geoglyphs are found in disconnection, some are in boards of up to 50 figures. They are found on slopes, pampas, and valley floors all through the Atacama Desert; yet they are constantly found close to old pre-Hispanic trackways stamping llama convoy courses through the troublesome districts of the desert interfacing the antiquated individuals of South America. Types and Forms of Geoglyphs The geoglyphs of the Atacama Desert were manufactured utilizing three fundamental techniques, ‘extractive’, ‘additive’ and ‘mixed’. A few, similar to the popular geoglyphs of Nazca, were extricated from nature, by scratching the dull desert varnish away uncovering the lighter earth. Added substance geoglyphs were worked of stones and other regular materials, arranged and painstakingly positioned. Blended geoglyphs were finished utilizing both techniquesâ and sporadically painted as well.The most incessant sort of geoglyph in the Atacama are geometric structures: circles, concentric circles, hovers with dabs, square shapes, crosses, bolts, equal lines, rhomboids; all images found in pre-Hispanic earthenware production and materials. One significant picture is the ventured rhombus, basically a flight of stairs state of stacked rhomboids or jewel shapes, (for example, in the figure).Zoomorphic figures incorporate camelids (llamas or alpacas), foxe s, reptiles, flamingos, hawks, seagulls, rheas, monkeys, and fishes including dolphins or sharks. One much of the time happening picture is a convoy of llamas, at least one lines of somewhere in the range of three and 80 creatures in succession. Another continuous picture is that of a land and water proficient, for example, a reptile, amphibian or snake; these are divinities in the Andean world associated with water rituals.Human figures happen in the geoglyphs and are commonly naturalistic in structure; a portion of these are occupied with exercises extending from chasing and angling to sex and strict functions. On the Arica seaside fields can be discovered the Lluta style of human portrayal, a body structure with an exceptionally adapted pair of long legs and a square head. This sort of glyph is thought to date to AD 1000-1400. Other adapted human figures have a forked peak and a body with inward sides, in the Tarapaca area, dated to AD 800-1400. Why Were the Geoglyphs Built? The total motivation behind the geoglyphs is probably going to stay obscure to us today. Potential capacities incorporate a cultic love of mountainsâ or articulations of dedication to Andean gods; however Briones accepts that one imperative capacity of the geoglyphs was to store information on safe pathways for llama convoys through the desert, including the information on where salt pads, water sources, and creature feed could be found. Briones terms these â€Å"messages, recollections and rites† related with the pathways, part sign post and part narrating along a transportation organize in an old type of consolidated strict and business travel, much the same as the custom known from numerous societies on the planet as journey. Enormous llama processions were accounted for by Spanish writers, and huge numbers of the authentic glyphs are of troops. In any case, no train gear has been found in the desert to date (see Pomeroy 2013). Other potential translations incorporate sun oriented arrangements. Sources This article is a piece of the About.com manual for the Geoglyphs, and the Dictionary of Archeology. Briones-M L. 2006. The geoglyphs of the north Chilean desert: an archeological and masterful perspective. Antiquity 80:9-24. Chepstow-Lusty AJ. 2011. Agro-pastoralism and social change in the Cuzco heartland of Peru: a short history utilizing ecological intermediaries. Relic 85(328):570-582. Clarkson PB. Atacama Geoglyphs: Huge Images Created Across the Rocky Landscape of Chile. Online original copy. Labash M. 2012. The Geoglyphs of the Atacama Desert: An obligation of scene and portability. Range 2:28-37. Pomeroy E. 2013. Biomechanical bits of knowledge into movement and significant distance exchange the south-focal Andes (AD 500â€1450). Diary of Archeological Science 40(8):3129-3140. Because of Persis Clarkson for her help with this article, and to Louis Briones for the photography.

Kelly Johnston Essays (256 words) - American Literature, Literature

Kelly Johnston Ms. Nicola Thomas ENG3UE-26 August 1, 2018 Persecution - Langston Hughes In the sonnet Persecution composed by Langston Hughes the author gives us induce about his perspectives on the subjects of mistreatment and liberation. During the sonnet the essayist shows that regardless of how terrible things get and how out of line you are being dealt with sometime you will endure however everything. Hughes composes: Presently dreams Are not accessible To the visionaries Nor melodies To the vocalists. (Hughes 1 - 5) This shows the perusers that individuals are not being given legitimate treatment in the public eye and despite the fact that individuals have rights they are not being designated them. Hughes additionally says: In certain terrains Dull night Also, cool steel Win (Hughes 6 - 9) At the point when Hughes composes this, he empowers the perusers to see that paying little mind to who you are some of the time you will in any case be dealt with uncalled for and that many individuals on the planet are not being given legitimate treatment making their lives significantly harder. At long last, toward the finish of the sonnet the creator says: In any case, the fantasy Will return What's more, the tune Break Its prison (Hughes 10 - 15) The writer is permitting the perusers to comprehend that regardless of how awful things get, that things can show signs of improvement. In the last articulation, Hughes is alluding to liberation showing that you can turn out to be liberated from the uncalled for treatment. Works Cited Hughes, Langston, Mistreatment https://tdsb.elearningontario.ca/content/EL_ENG_ENG3UE-26BCC3_2018-07-17__1718ASS/eng3up/ENG3UPU01/ENG3UPU01A01/docs/Oppression_Poem_Hughes_Activity_One.pdf?_d2lSessionVal=bLZHuc6wEY4fmjTPnj6YmE0Juou=12379002

Waste Disposal and Green Intelligence Dissertation

Squander Disposal and Green Intelligence - Dissertation Example The legislature should assume a urgent job in guaranteeing that residents are made mindful of the best and most advantageous methods of overseeing waste. Squander reusing is one of the intercessions that most governments particularly in first-world nations have taken to manage squander the executives. For instance, the U.S government has done battles to sharpen its residents on the significance of reusing materials, for example, plastics, paper, and glass. In undoubtedly; the administration advices that the uncovered surfaces ought to have base liners to gather any water that may contain dangerous synthetic concoctions. Along these lines no poisonous water streams into the biological system. Concerning removal of squanders into water bodies, the U.S government coordinates that mechanical squanders be deactivated before being discharged into water bodies.The fundamental objective of green knowledge is to give the overall population data concerning the threats they are presented to bec ause of poor waste administration. This includes utilizing market-situated ways to deal with guarantee ecological maintainability and preservation of regular assets .Green insight plans to accomplish its objective by asking the private division and the legislature to benefit important data to the general population. This is on the grounds that the legislature and private segment appear to intrigue to conceal insignificant data from general society on dangerous substances and poor waste administration. As indicated by Wargo, concoction makers are critical in guaranteeing a protected situation and a solid overall population.

Public health Essay Example for Free

General wellbeing Essay The distinction in the jobs of the general wellbeing attendant and the network wellbeing medical caretaker lie not in the sorts of care offered however in the level at which this consideration is offered to patients. The general wellbeing medical caretaker gives care to people or to the individuals from a family. The people group wellbeing medical caretaker, then again, gives on-going consideration and tips to a more extensive base of people inside a network. The objective of the general wellbeing medical attendant is to advance the wellbeing of the people that live inside a network, so this job is frequently mistaken for that of the network wellbeing medical attendant. Indeed, in numerous areas and nations, the terms are utilized conversely. In any case, while the job of the general wellbeing medical attendant is to recognize and manage particular ailments being looked by people at a given time, network wellbeing is worried about the distinguishing issues in the physical and social condition that may influence the etiology of ailment. The people group wellbeing attendant attempts to teach general society in regards to any such issues saw as of clinical concern instead of just to treat explicit individuals with explicit ailments (Lundy James, 2001).  â â â â â â â â â â It is regularly the situation, in any case, that the job of general wellbeing nursing is contained inside that of network wellbeing nursing. One specific meaning of network wellbeing nursing gives its job as advancing and safeguarding wellbeing inside a given populace through instruction and the reconciliation â€Å"of abilities applicable to both nursing and open health† (Lundy James, 2001, p. 874). Another definition showing this coordination of general wellbeing nurse’s job into that of the network wellbeing medical attendant is found in a diary by the ACHNE. It expresses that â€Å"Community wellbeing nursing is a union of nursing hypothesis and general wellbeing hypothesis applied to advancing and safeguarding the soundness of populations† (qtd. in 2001, p. 874). It can in this way be seen that network wellbeing nursing reaches out past just advancing anticipation and great wellbeing rehearses; it additionally incorporates a few estimates taken by attendants toward improving the impacts of maladies being endured by people in a given occasion. This joins the job of the general wellbeing medical attendant. Along these lines, the primary contrast between the two despite everything gives off an impression of being the level at which the consideration is offered to the individuals from a populace. Reference Lundy, K. S. S. James. (2001). Network wellbeing nursing: thinking about the public’s wellbeing.  â â â Sudbury: Jones Bartlett.

Quick Reads for Quick Lunches

Quick Reads for Quick Lunches I hope I’m not the only one who thinks lunch breaks at work go by faster than should be scientifically possible. And in the event that you failed to make lunch for yourself, most of your lunch break would consist of walking to your eatery of choice and waiting for your food, thereby reducing the amount of time you have to read in peace as you shovel food in your face. For someone like me, this quick start-and-stop throws a wrench in my daily scheduled reading. I prefer diving into compelling fiction that make me flip pages at an alarming rate, while wishing the book would never end. So, reading books like Miles Morales: Spider-Man by Jason Reynolds during my lunch break is proving to be a frustrating experience because every time I have to put the book down I mentally draft a resignation letter just so I can finish my damn book. So after a few deep breaths and some calming tea, I have come up with books that will let me stop with ease and yet welcome me back with open flaps the next day: Curry: Reading, Eating, and Race by Naben Ruthnum This is a short collection of essays that explore how a dish that doesn’t technically exist can both bind and ostracize various peoples and cultures. Of course, it is far more complex than that, so despite its length Curry is the perfect lunch read. Ruthnum’s writing demands some time away from the page, it asks you to unpack what you’ve just read and re-examine your own ideas on food and people. The essays are sure to be kicking around in your brain long after you’ve put Curry downâ€"which is precisely what makes it easy to dive back in the next day. Dead Light March by Daniel José Older This novella is the latest in the Shadowshaper Cypher series by Older. It is set between the first book Shadowshaper and the sequel novella Ghost Girl in the Corner and before the upcoming Shadowhouse Fall novel. Except, in my opinion, it could also serve as a good introduction to the series. In my case, it served as a reminder of all the reasons I love Older’s work. Partly fantasy and partly social critique, it caused So Many Feelings. It was nice to put down the book before I was moved to yell THIS IS SOME GOOD SHIT to nobody in particular. Cucumber Quest by Gigi D. G. I don’t know if everyone puts off reading their comic hauls for months at a time, but personally I don’t want to power through everything so fast that the wait for the next comic festival feels unbearably long. And yet, I also don’t want the excitement of new comics to fade away. So, every once in a while, I take a break from non-fiction like Curry and pick something from my TCAF haul to delight in. Cucumber Quest (Volume 1) is a stand-out favourite for me this year. It offers a fresh (yes, ‘tis a pun) and adorable take on the Chosen One trope, while joyfully muddling gender stereotypes in fantasy. You could finish it all in one go, or pace yourself and read a chapter per lunch break. It’ll always welcome you back and wave you goodbye, depending on what your schedule demands. The Second Mango by Shira Glassman I read this a while ago, but I remember taking a lot of breaks between reading this, the first book in the Mangoverse series. The Second Mango is a sweet romance/adventure with lots of moments to swoon over and food mentions to drool over. I can see this being the perfect thing to read while digging into some comfort food in the middle of a stressful day at work. In fact, I think I’ll make the next book, Climbing the Date Palm, my new lunch break read. So far, it seems that this is the range of what I can handle during my breaks: short non-fiction, novellas that aren’t too intense, and fun adventures/romances. I’m not sure what it is about these that makes it as easy to drop as it is to pick up. All I know is that it works and I can keep my job. Save

Power and Control in Othello, Notes on a Scandal and The Collector. - Literature Essay Samples

The use and abuse of power relations has been a central feature of literary narrative from the beginning of culture. The Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler posited the drive for power as being one of the primal characteristics of the human conscious and unconscious. Othello is a tragedy by William Shakespeare and was first performed in 1604 while Notes on a Scandal is a 2003 romantic novel written by Zoà « Heller. The Collector is a 1963 debut novel by John Fowles. In order to exercise control, power is first appropriated. It creates a paradigm of control where a variety of complex consequences arise, whether these are beneficial or self-destructive is questionable. However, such features demand attention as their interweaving nature enables the reader or audience to grasp the fundamental themes of the texts. Power is attained by each of the characters by using various techniques. Iago’s preferred technique is through the manipulation of Othello. He subtly suggests alternative ideas and plants seeds of doubt. This can be seen when Iago uses Cassio’s exit to suggest he is guilty, consequently leading him to avoid Othello. ‘Ha! I like not that.’ The supercilious and harsh tone of ‘Ha!’ immediately captures Othello’s attention. Othello’s confusion could be shown on stage by the gradual turn of the head while Iago points in the direction of Desdemona. Once the seed of doubt has been planted in Othello’s mind, Iago tactfully harvests it by responding to Othello’s questions with mirroring responses. Othello then becomes trapped in an interminable cycle where his doubt permeates until he dramatically exclaims at the end of the scene. ‘I’ll tear her all to pieces!’ The emotional intensity of this scene deepens the audience’s concern for Othello and Desdemona. However, Shakespeare’s use of soliloquies also creates suspense for the audience. Iago’s faà §ade is shattered when his inner thoughts are revealed, creating a paradox. In Notes on a Scandal, Barbara similarly tries to acquire power using manipulation and suggestion. Like Iago, she tries to sow the seeds of doubt by offering ideas that appear harmless on the surface, however there is an ulterior motive that lurks beneath. ‘Well, no, I was just thinking it would probably serve you best not to tell Sue. She’s not a bad person. But she’s not†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The ellipses forces Sheba to reach her own conclusion, however, Barbara has already contributed to Sheba’s thoughts by implying Sue is morally destitute. By slandering Sue, Barbara traps Sheba into a restricted sphere where Barbara is her only confidante. This provides a framework which enables Barbara to gain power over the situation and Sheba, as Sheba is coaxed into revealing her scandalous love affair with Connolly. Iago purposely alienates Othello from his supporters and wife. Iago’s knowledge of Othello’s affairs gives him omniscience and omnipotence, allowing him to harness the power that results in Desdemona and Othello’s death. In The Collector, Frederick Clegg employs a comparable method to Barbara; by isolating Miranda physically he hopes to develop an ironically platonic yet romantic relationship adverse from the traditional physical qualities. However, this is a one-sided relationship because it develops under Clegg’s increasing power. ‘I thought, I can’t ever get to know her in the ordinary way, but if she’s with me, she’ll see my good points, she’ll understand. There was always the idea she would understand.’ Using the past tense to describe his feelings creates a nostalgic atmosphere; the reader might feel a certain degree of empathy. It exaggerates his failure of gaining ultimate power because he is trying to justify his actions. On the other hand, Clegg’s behaviour may counteract this sympathy as it is difficult to advocate Miranda’s death. Fowles may have intended to create suspense using a foreshadowing technique in order to direct the reader’s attention to Clegg’s desperation of gaining power. Clegg thus typifies Hutcheon’s model of Politics of Representation as his concept of love is exceeded by his craving appetite that desires domination. According to Hutcheon, what drives the relationships between the characters in The Collector is â€Å"power.† This may be gleaned from Othello and Iago’s relationship, where there is a constant struggle of power. Such a relationship may appear deeply dysfunctional and can be described as abusive. The power struggle in The Collector can be seen by the internal conflict Clegg experiences with Miranda when she feigns an illness in order to escape. ‘She was dead cunning, when I went in she was being sick, and she looked a real mess.’ The word ‘dead’ is ironic while the situation is prophetic. Clegg’s priorities become disordered and tumultuous when there is a conflict between love and power and his inability to choose love reveals a disturbing side of his psychological make-up. Shakespeare also uses foreshadowing to demonstrate Iago’s attempt at gaining power over Othello. Power appears to be the fundamental basis of Othello and Iago’s relationship, similar to Clegg’s and Miranda’s. However, Fowles and Shakespeare use foreshadowing to construct different atmospheres. Shakespeare creates suspense that may evoke tension and unease in the audience as Iago tries to gain power. ‘O beware, my Lord, of jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock.’ This is prophetically true as Othello becomes consumed by jealousy and murders Desdemona. However, Iago’s approach to gain power is managed by ascribing the idea of guilt to Cassio and Desdemona. Like Barbara coaxing Sheba into revealing her secrets, Iago plants these ideas in Othello’s mind so Othello becomes dependent on him. Using a metaphor and imagery creates sensory impressions for the audience. The visual effect of the ‘green-eyed monster’ enhances the tension because the notion of it becomes more realistic. Iago could wrangle his hands together in front of Othello’s face with wide eyes, demonstrating the gravity of jealousy and further contributing to Othello’s insecurities, gaining power. While Shakespeare uses metaphors to create sensory impressions for the audience, Heller uses this device to underline Barbara’s yearning for power. ‘The loose tendrils had graduated to hanks and where it was meant to be smooth and pulled back, tiny, fuzzy sprigs had reared up, creating a sort of corona around her scalp.’ It has been suggested noting the observant nature of Barbara that the ‘fuzzy sprigs’ create an image of nature. It could be compared with plants growing in spring, contributing to Sheba’s bohemian characteristics. However, in reference to the idea of gaining power, the use of the word ‘corona’ could portray Sheba as a trophy for Barbara to gain power over. The manner in which Clegg describes Miranda in The Collector is similar to Notes on a Scandal. Miranda’s beauty is frequently compared with nature. This suggests Clegg values her outward appearance rather than her intrinsic value because he can gain contro l over the former better than the latter. Henry Holt remarks, ‘To be sure, power leading to security is what Barbara seeks in her relationship with Sheba.’ However, the acquisition of power followed by control could also be conveyed as ‘security’ for Barbara. Although Barbara tries to present her affiliation with Sheba as a ‘normal’ relationship, power and control are the central themes that dominate it. ‘I’ve never made any conscious bid for power; it has always come about quite naturally that I should be one to lead.’ This exposes Barbara’s instinctive nature. It suggests Sheba is not the first victim Barbara has tried to seize power over, similar to Miranda being succeeded by the flower girl that appeals to Clegg. Fowles and Heller may construct a sinister tone using this method as they orchestrate the possibility of an endless cycle, rife with victims that are affected by power and control. The tension that arises from Heller’s method is further reinforced by erratic comments made about Jennifer Dodd throughout the novel. Heller offers this suggestive comment about Barbara’s past because it creates anticipation. The reader is notified subtly that control will follow the seizure of power and act as a catalyst for calamitous consequences. Once power is obtained, control is executed. Iago exercises control by using Desdemona’s willingness to assist Cassio, as evidence to suggest there is a clandestine love affair. ‘Divinity of hell! When devils will the blackest sins put on, they do suggest at first with heavenly shows.’ The oxymoron ‘Divinity of hell!’ suggests his faith lies with the devil and is further exaggerated using a punctuation mark, it entrenches the idea that Iago is the villainous devil of the play due to his controlling antics. Shakespeare may accentuate this statement to shock the audience and expose Iago’s true nature. Iago could grasp at his clothes savagely as he whispers ‘When devils will the blackest sins put on’. The language of Iago also functions to describe the way in which he puts on duplicitous personae to exercise control. Iago’s remark ‘I am not what I am’, demonstrates his use of fraudulence for control. His characteri stic idiom varies and is dotted with colloquialisms and oaths, he adapts his style to suit different audiences and purposes. He is ironically closest to authenticity and truth when admitting the fallacies and dishonesty that dictate his character. His ability to manipulate language is a source of his control and his outward appearance is a faà §ade because it masks his inner self. ‘But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve for daws to peck at.’. Iago appears to experience satisfaction through manipulation because it allows him a greater degree of control, and although he does not acknowledge people’s emotions, he gains gratification when he is informed of their thoughts. He believes those who express their emotions are susceptible to vulnerability, perhaps explaining why imagery has been used in the form of ‘dews’. This creates a disconcerting picture, which might make the audience wary of Iago’s actions throughout the play. Whereas Shakespeare uses soliloquies to reveal Iago’s true persona, Barbara’s internal focalisation is explained in the form of analepses. Her primary opinion of events allows the reader to pinpoint the inaccuracies in her story, underlining the extent to which she uses control. ‘This is not a story about me.’ Heller may have used this dramatic irony in order to guide the reader towards the idea that Barbara’s dishonesty and deception are tantamount to her desire for control. Her frequent contradictions become idiosyncrasies of the novel and reveal a similarly duplicitous personality to Iago. In a British modern adaptation of Othello (2001), directed by Geoffrey Sax, Iago’s two-faced nature is evident to the audience from the very beginning. The camera angle shifts and faces him directly whilst he discusses his plan. This may make the viewers and audience feel exposed because of Iago’s intense, piercing eye contact. Unlike Notes on a Scandal, The Collector is divided into four parts, out of which three belong to Clegg while the second part is Miranda’s. Fowles may have used this form to demonstrate how different personalities interpret control. On the one hand, Clegg is technical about Miranda’s imprisonment, on the other; Miranda focuses on the delineation of her emotional dilemma as to whether Clegg deserves her sympathy. This shows that Clegg’s inability to control Miranda emotionally and mentally is replaced with his competence to control her physically. In Fowles’s opinion, the characters, Clegg, and Miranda do not possess enough control over their personalities. If this is the case, then this could be used as evidence to explain why Clegg must exercise control over Miranda. â€Å"If Fowles had presented just Clegg’s account,† notes Perry Nodelman, â€Å"he would have written the entertaining thriller†. However, Miranda’s narrative all ows the reader to experience a more objective and comprehensive perspective on the events and their meaning. Unlike The Collector, A. C. Bradley contended that in Othello, power is Iago’s driving motivation. Iagos longing to satisfy the sense of power is, I think, the strongest of the forces that drive him on.† Although this is highly conceivable, a Freudian and erotic interpretation of the play would propose that Iago is subconsciously in love with Othello. This interpretation could also be applied to Barbara and Sheba’s relationship, as Barbara’s usage of control may be a by-product of her love for Sheba. Laurence Olivier interpreted Iago like this and kissed Othello, who was played by Ralph Richardson. A contemporary audience of Shakespeare’s time would have found this immoral. Therefore, had Shakespeare intended to present Iago like this, it would have been introduced subtly. This interpretation could epitomize Iago’s desperation for cont rol. By sacrificing his love of Othello for power and control, Iago ironically becomes trapped by these factors despite paradoxically proclaiming, ‘We cannot all be masters, nor all masters cannot be truly followed.’ Barbara appears to sacrifice her relationship with Sheba, like Iago, for the purpose of control. ‘ ‘Oh Brian.’ I cooed, ‘don’t tell me you have entertained hopes of reciprocation? That’s so sweet, Brian†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Bangs put his fingers in his ears like a little boy.’ In order to salvage her pride, Barbara infantilises Brain by patronising him using a sarcastic tone. The rhetorical question and ellipses exaggerate this sarcasm. The ellipsis creates a pause that embellishes Barbara’s insensitivity and the alteration from ‘Brian’ to ‘Bangs’ show Barbara is self-aware of her insensitive transformation. This could show Barbara’s need for domination overrides her need for friendship, by belittling Bangs she places Sheba’s affair in jeopardy. Clegg’s love for Miranda is superseded by his need to exercise control like Barbara. Whereas Barbara threatens the establishment of Sheba’s r elationship with Connolly, Clegg expresses disregard for Miranda’s death despite previously envisioning a romantic suicide. ‘She isn’t as pretty as Miranda, of course, in fact she’s only an ordinary shop-girl.’ His final thoughts centering on the possibility of capturing another girl demonstrate his craving for control. The juxtaposition of ending his life compared to continuing his disillusioned fantasy exaggerates the polarity of his thoughts and suggests his mental faculties are in a state of fragility. This antithesis, may therefore create a tone of suspense. The Collector thus exemplifies what Szegedy-Maszak has labelled ‘non-teleological narration.’ The idea of non-teleology exaggerates anticipation because there is the possibility of a continual cycle where Clegg seeks to control. The scale of calamitous consequences resulting from control creates an unsettling atmosphere. In Othello, Iago’s frequent application of control using manipulation irrevocably leads to Othello’s mental deterioration. The combination of Cassio’s castigation of Bianca and Iago’s frequent suggestions fuels Othello’s insecurities, allowing Iago’s blasà © comment of Desdemona to act as a catalyst, triggering a fit. ‘With her, on her, what you will?’ Shakespeare employs parenthesis to emphasise Othello’s increasing suspicion of Cassio and Desdemona. ‘Lie with her? Lie on her? We say lie on her when they belie her. Lie with her! Zounds, that’s fulsome! Handkerchief – confessions – handkerchief!’ Whereas short and long sentence structure in The Collector exacerbates the psychological and cultural disparities between Miranda and Clegg, Shakespeare manipulates the syntax of Othello’s dialogu e to reveal the vicissitudes in Othello’s character as a consequence of Iago’s control. Clegg’s sentences are prolix and discursive while Miranda’s are definite and exact. ‘The silence. I’ve got a little more used to it now. But it is terrible. Never the least sound.’ The short sentences and usage of italics demonstrates the fear that resides in Miranda, garnering sympathy from the reader because the character’s fear is a consequence of Clegg’s control. Othello’s despair could be shown on stage by an actor disjointedly staggering across the stage away from Iago, clutching at his head. This could symbolise the consequential emotional agony he is experiencing, which is a repercussion of power and control. The suspense might, therefore, be injected into the audience as a result of the dramatic irony inculcated in the scene. In comparison to Othello, Heller uses repetition and short sentences in Barbara’s diatri be to convey her otherwise mitigated anger, which is a consequence of Sheba temporarily escaping from her control. ‘Damn her. Damn her. Lady Muck. Skinny bloody cow†¦Oh Barbara don’t put yourself down like that!’ The combination of fragmented sentences and profanity allow Barbara’s fury to seethe through the pages and surprise the reader as the expletive language juxtaposed to Barbara’s Latinate linguistic flair acts as a stark contrast. Furthermore, usage of the third person could evoke discomfort for the reader. The consequences of Sheba’s autonomous decision after discovering her diary have an intense and excessive impact on Barbara’s mental faculties. This could show that relying on a disproportionate amount of control can lead to a mental relapse. In contrast to Heller, Shakespeare uses the third person to convey the psychological consequences of being a victim of control. ‘Othello’s occupation’s gone.â₠¬â„¢ One of the outcomes of Iago’s manipulation is Othello’s emotional and mental distress. ‘Occupation’ could be a double entente that could either describe Othello’s position as lieutenant or his mental state. However, the vagueness of this statement could also contribute evidence to Othello’s uncertainty and disequilibrium. W.H. Auden in ‘The Dyer’s Hand’ labels Iago as ‘The Joker in the Pack’ and suggests he is a comic figure. ‘What Shakespeare gives us in Iago is a portrait of a practical joker of a peculiarly appalling kind†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ It is conceivable to suggest Iago embodies comical elements of a malevolent kind. Iago could be the joker at the beginning of Othello but as the play progresses; the gravity of exercising control could subconsciously displace his comic role as he becomes consumed with the euphoria that arises when manipulating other characters. An additional consequence of exercising control is guilt. Characters such as Clegg and Barbara show signs of assuaging blame. Heller and Fowles may have done this to show the reader that despite their villainous predispositions, there is an element of humanity that remains in the characters. This may intrigue the reader emotionally as it shows neither Clegg nor Sheba are confined to stereotypes, thus displaying depth and complexity. ‘Naturally, I hesitated to look at them. I take no pleasure in violating Sheba’s privacy. But as Sheba’s unofficial guardian, I have certain obligations that I cannot shirk.’ By referring to herself as Sheba’s ‘unofficial guardian’, Barbara appears to be justifying her actions. This might suggest Barbara is aware of the moral implications of violating Sheba’s privacy, yet by bestowing herself with the voluntary role as Sheba’s caretaker, she simulates she is exempt from the ethical consequences. Furthermore, the sentence-modifier ‘naturally’, expresses a high degree of subjectivity. This syntactic expression underpins Barbara’s desire to control all aspects of Sheba’s life and like Clegg; she tries to displace the guilt by offering invented exculpations. To conclude, these writers have explored a key element of human nature. The range of literary devices Heller and Fowles incorporate in their texts creates an evocative atmosphere, leading the reader to question what the consequences of power dominating love are. Characters such as Iago, Barbara and Clegg display elements of Machiavellis theory ‘It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.’ However, the consequences that arise from choosing power alert the reader to the implications of choosing such an option. As seen in Othello, Shakespeare uses language to describe the mechanisms of power. He reaches beyond the restricted sphere Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists limit themselves to. The language in Othello is not simply the medium by which the drama is conveyed, it is also a vehicle of action. By describing the struggle for power, Shakespeare, Heller and Fowles facilitate an opportunity for the reader and audience. Such intricate mechanisms allow the r eceiver to deliberate their own discriminating choices between the conflict of power and love in their own lives and wider communities. As Eric Fromm observed, ‘any society which excludes the development of love must in the long-run perish of its own contradiction with the basic necessities of human nature.

George Roy Hills Movie Adaptation of Kurt Vonneguts...

George Roy Hills movie adaptation of Kurt Vonneguts novel Slaughter-house Five is a fairly accurate version that stays relatively close to Vonneguts own vision. Throughout Vonnegut novel Billy Pilgrim, a WWII soldier who was captured by the Germans and held captive as an American POW (prisoner of war), demonstrates several extreme compulsive tendencies due to the horrific events he witnessed as an American POW victim. After reading of Billy’s experiences, I did not have faith in the movies ability to accurately present Vonneguts own personal feelings. On the contrary, after seeing George Hills movie adaptation of Slaughter-house Five, I felt that the he did an extremely nice job in keeping with what Vonnegut had intended to be seen†¦show more content†¦Hill is able to achieve this by making Billy the only fragment of black on an all-white background. This helps to set Billy apart from the rest of the screen and in essence isolates him as the only person around. While I felt the director did a good job of conveying the novel as accurately as possible, just as in other move adaptations, there were some inaccuracies and discrepancies from one medium to the other. One aspect of the movie that really stood out for me was the abduction scene. In the movie, Pilgrim is captured by the alien creatures from inside his bedroom; a white ball of light slowly intensifies until it engulfs the entire screen and after a quick cutaway we find Billy on Tralfamadore. This was not the way Vonnegut describes Billy’s abduction in the book. He was not merely sitting in his bedroom with his dog Spot, instead he had been watching a war movie, and then he walks outside to allow Spot to go to the bathroom. It is at this point, when Billy is outside, that the aliens come and capture him. Billy’s war experience is also very difference from the novel, the bombing of Dresden is the best example of this. Vonnegut describes the aftermath by saying, â₠¬Å"the once beautiful city [looked] like the surface of the moon† (Vonnegut). I envisioned a different scene when reading the book than what was translated onto the big screen. In my opinion, the city appears no different than any other city that has just been bombed. Perhaps I

U.S. Presidents With No Political Experience

Absence of Heroes and Villains in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

Absence of Heroes and Villains in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Frankenstein is a gothic novel which was published in the 19th century, and was written by Mary Shelley. In the 19th century the most popular types of novels were horror. This novel was an early example of a thriller. One of the main reasons why Mary Shelley wrote a book about science, horror and suffering was because she knew that people in the 19th century were interested in all of these aspects. The novel also deals with issues of good vs evil, and through this the author creates a sense of horror in the readers mind. Heroes are those people who do something unexpected, so†¦show more content†¦The most obvious victims are those people who are killed by the creature, however the only victims are not those killed by the creature, but could be the creature itself. At first the monster is seen as evil who only knows how to kill people and destroy innocent lives, as the novel goes on we the reader begin to see a different perception of the creature. I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. From Waltons final letter to his sister, he recounts the words that the creature speaks o him over Victor Frankensteins dead body. This outburst of self-pity as the creature questions the inequality of how he has been treated, giving Walton and the reader a glimpse into the suffering that has caused his evil acts. This also shows that the creature is an unwanted life, a creation abandoned and left alone by his creator. The way in which society judg es him makes the creature feel more abandoned and hurt then he already is, furthermore he had to learn things about life in his own ways, so it is not entirely the creatures fault for all his evil acts. If we say that the creature is the victim and then we have to callShow MoreRelatedEnlightenment Philosophy in Frankenstein Essay1882 Words   |  8 Pages Egotism is characterized by an inflated appraisal of one’s intellect, ability, importance, and appearance. It is practiced by placing oneself at the center of his or her world. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, Shelley seeks to deliver her idea of the egotistic archetype as it relates to the ideals of The Enlightenment Period, a time period she sees as self-centered. Shelley sees the arrogance in the fact that Enlightenment philosophers test the limits of human understanding

Public School Of Macon County Essay - 1324 Words

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Court System of Puerto Rico Free Essays

Puerto Rico had a distinct legal system to that of American legal system till the American solders landed in 1898 . The Puerto Rico’s structure including civil law rules, institutions, procedures and legal culture were undergone important transformation. There is a change in the civil law jurisdiction to the civil law-mixed law and other areas such as legal structures, processes, culture and actors. We will write a custom essay sample on Court System of Puerto Rico or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper examines the current legal system of the Puerto Rico and critically examines 3 states (Virginia Islands, Hawaii and New Jersey) court structures. It also provides the proposal for the court structure of Puerto Rico on par with these 3 states. Brief introduction of Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico is a self-governing commonwealth in association with the United States. The President is USA is the chief of state and elected Governor. It has control over the internal affairs and without the interference of the USA. The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states include exemption from some aspects of the Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U. S congress (Senate and House of Representatives), the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenue reserved for the states. Judicial system in Puerto Rica is directed by Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is comprised of 7 judges (a chief justice and 6 associate justices) named by the Governor. The structure of Judicial System includes a Court of Appeals, Superior Court, a District Court (Civil Criminal), and Municipal Court. There are 12 judicial districts. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rica also has a district court comparable to those of the state of US. Each district court has a least one district judge and can have more than a score of district judges, as well as a clerk, a United States Attorney, a United States Marshall, one or more United States Magistrates, bankruptcy judges, probation officers, court reporters, and their staff. The federal government, located in San Juan, is represented by 2 district judges and the procurator, who is named by the President of the United States. The Federal court has final authority of the ELA. Distinctive features of the American Judicial System includes the adversary system, the common law system, predefined rules for conducting litigation, reporting of judicial proceedings and the publication of court opinions. There are 94 federal judicial districts, including at least one district in each state, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico. The appeal courts take the appeals from the district courts located in the circuit and also from the federal administrative agencies. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal judiciary . The judicial system of Puerto Rico is based upon Spanish Law upon which is based the on United States judicial system. The Puerto Rico legal court system includes a district court, a superior court, an appellate court and the Puerto Rico Supreme Court as apex court. Decisions of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court can be appealed to the Federal Court for Puerto Rico and to the U. S. Supreme Court as a lost resort. Hawaii state judicial system features appellate courts and trial courts. Appellate courts include the Hawaii Supreme Court and the Intermediate Court of Appeals and the trial courts include the Circuit, Family and District courts and functions four judicial districts. The judicial system of Virginia Islands consists of the Supreme Court of Virginia, the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the General District Courts and the Circuit Courts . The structure of New Jersey’s court system is very simple featuring Municipal courts, Tax Court, state Superior Court, which includes the trial courts, an Appellate Division and the New Jersey Supreme Court. All the above mentioned court systems such as Hawaii, Virginia islands and New Jersey has different set of court structures . Except in the criminal and constitutional fields, Puerto Rico’s legal system substantially remained that of the Spanish civil law . Puerto Rico state’s highest court: The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico is the highest court of the Puerto Rico, which is analogous to one of the U. S state supreme courts established in San Juan. The ultimate judicial authority lies within Puerto Rico for interpretation and deciding on the question of local commonwealth law. The Constitution and the laws of Puerto Rico determine the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and works similar way to the state Supreme Courts in the United States. It has concurrent jurisdiction to interpret federal laws, unless the Supremacy Clause requires otherwise. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico used the common law to resolve the private-law issues and later drifted to methodical research integrating the civil law into the civilian context . Comparison of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico with the Virgin Islands, Hawaii and New Jersey’s Supreme Courts. The Supreme Court of Hawaii hears appeals for writs of certiorari to the Intermediate Court of Appeals and applications for transfer from the Intermediate Court of Appeals. It also hears reserved questions of law from the circuit courts, the land court, and the tax appeal court, certified question from the federal courts, applications for writs, complaints on elections and it makes rules of practice and procedures for all state courts, licenses, regulates and disciplines attorneys and judges. The New Jersey Supreme Court composed of a chief justice and six associate justices. It takes up the appeals from the lower courts involving capital cases and cases in which a panel of appellate judges has disagreed. It also hears the cases of great public importance. The Superior Court has broad jurisdiction in addressing the legal needs of the Virgin Islands community. The Court hears all local trial matters including civil, criminal, family, probate, landlord-tenant, small claims and traffic. It also acts as a court of appeals for decisions of all governmental officers and agencies . Puerto Rico’s Appellate Courts: U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is the appellate court for the District of Puerto Rico. The Circuit Court of Appeals established in 1994 sits in San Juan and it is the intermediary level between the courts of first instance and the Supreme Court. With the consent of senate 33 justices were named by the Governor for the Circuit Court of Appeals. Most sittings are held in Boston, but the court sits for two weeks each year in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico and occasionally at other locations within the circuit. First Circuit is the smallest of the thirteen United States courts of appeals Composition of U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is five active (six authorized) and four senior judges. Juan R. Torruella is the chief judge of the Puerto Rico duty station appointed by the Reagan. The established procedure for the eligibility of the Chief Judge is that he must be below the age of 65, serving court actively at least one year and have not served as a Chief Judge earlier. The appellate courts for the other states in comparison are U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for Hawaii. U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for Virgin Islands and U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for New Jersey. The Hawaii appellate courts are comprised of the Supreme Court and the Intermediate Court of Appeals. The Intermediate Court of Appeals of Hawaii hears all appeals from trial courts and state agencies in the State of Hawaii composed of 6 judges. It is having discretionary powers to hear cases without prior suit in civil cases or cases in circuit court or the tax appeal court and also when the parties agreed upon the facts of the controversy. The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for Virgin Islands composed of 14 active judges. The chief judge should have the same eligibility criteria as if the Puerto Rico has. U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for New Jersey is composed of 14 active judges. Puerto Rico’s Municipal Courts Municipal courts have the jurisdiction to hear minor civil and less serious criminal cases with in the region under the powers conferred by the constitution and the other law . Puerto Rico’s municipal judges, serving for five years, and justices of the peace, in rural areas, decide cases involving local ordinances. Municipal Courts of New Jersey usually has jurisdiction to take cases such as motor vehicle and parking tickets, minor criminal-type offenses, municipal ordinance offenses and other offenses including fish and game violations. Municipal Court judges are usually appointed by the Mayor of the municipality, with the advice and consent of the council, and serve a term of three years and eligibility set by the statute and he should have 5 years of practice experience. The Municipal Court of the Virgin Islands’ was named as the Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands and having jurisdiction over all civil actions and criminal matters. Territorial court is now changed to superior court by means of Bill No. 25-0213. Hawaii does not have Municipal Courts. County and local ordinance and traffic violations are tried in state circuit and district courts. Puerto Rico’s Major Trial Courts: The nine superior courts are the Puerto Rico’s Major trial courts. The term of the superior court judges is 12-years. The superior courts were divided into 13 districts in 2003 and have original jurisdiction of not exceeding $10,000 in civil cases and also in minor criminal cases. District courts also hear preliminary motions in more serious criminal cases . The Hawaii trial courts include the Circuit, Family and District courts. The courts are structured geographically: Puerto Rico constitutes one judicial district and held at Mayaguez, Ponce and San Juan according to United States Code Title 28, Part I, Chapter 5, Sec. 119. The Hawaii appellate courts are comprised of the Supreme Court and the Intermediate Court of Appeals. The trial courts include the Circuit, Family and District courts. The Virginia’s court structure has District Court, at the lowest level, to the Supreme Court at the highest level. The Circuit Courts is at the second lowest level, and the Court of Appeals at the next level. The Chief Justice and the Supreme Court will function as the administrative body for the entire Virginia court system. Structure of New Jersey’s court system is the simplest in among all the court structures. Municipal courts, Tax Court, state Superior Court, which includes the trial courts, an Appellate Division and the New Jersey Supreme Court are the basic type of the courts. Judges appointment: Justices for The Supreme Court, The Appellate Court, The Court of First Instance (composing of Superior Court and Municipal Court) appointed by the Governor of Puerto Rico with the consent (majority vote) of the Senate and retires at the age of 70. The Circuit Court of Appeals includes 33 justices. Justices and judges in US are appointed under the Article III of the constitution by the president of the US with the majority vote of senate for life time . Judicial and Attorney ethical standards The Code of Conduct for United States Judges According to the code of conduct duties of judge are 1. Upholding the integrity and independence of the judiciary. 2. Avoiding impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all activities. 3. Performing the duties of the office impartially and diligently. 4. Carrying out extrajudicial activities for improving the legal system and the administration of justice. 5. Regulating extrajudicial activities to minimize the risk of conflict with judicial duties. 6. Regularly filing reports of compensation received for law-related and extra-judicial activities. 7. Refraining from political activity . Attorney ethical standards 28 C. F. R. PART 77—ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ATTORNEYS FOR THE GOVERNMENT The Department of Justice makes sure that its attorneys perform their duties in accordance with the highest ethical standards through implementing 28 U. S. C. 530B and guide attorneys concerning the guidelines imposed on Department attorneys by 28 U. S. C. 530B. Conclusion: The Puerto Rico courts and legal structure had under gone a drastic transformation under the U. S rule. Now it has its own court structure with some limitations. In spite of very simple court system the New Jersey’s legal system is effective. Two step appellate review process in Virginia court system is also a good for the better scrutiny of the case . The courts systems of Hawaii, Virginia Islands and New Jersey have a good court structure and can be ideal for the court structure of Puerto Rico. Reference: 1. Carlos R. Soltero, (2006) Latinos and American law: landmark Supreme Court cases, University of Texas Press. 2. William Miller, (2006), Evolving Internet reference resources, Haworth Press. 3. Virginia Courts†. Virginia Judicial System. 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-04. http://www. courts. state. va. us/courts/courts. html 4. State Court Caseload Statistics, 2003, Retrieved from http://www. ncsconline. org/D_Research/csp/2003_Files/2003_SCCS_Charts1. pdf 5. Juan R. Torruella, (1985), The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico: The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal, Editorial UPR. 6. Vernon V. Palmer, (2001), Mixed jurisdictions worldwide: the third legal family, Cambridge University Press. 7. SUPERIOR COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, Division of St. Thomas/St. John, Retrieved on April 2, 2009, http://www. visuperiorcourt. org/ 8. Timothy F. Fautsko, (2003), Workload assessment model for the Puerto Rico municipal court, Retrived on April,2. http://contentdm. ncsconline. org/cgi-bin/showfile. exe? CISOROOT=/spctsCISOPTR=105 98. Puerto Rico – Judicial system, (2007), Advameg, Inc. Retrieved on April 2, 2009, http://www. city-data. com/states/Puerto-Rico-Judicial-system. html 10. Leonidas Ralph Mecham, The Federal Court System, in the United States, Retrieved from http://www. uscourts. gov/library/internationalbook-fedcts2. pdf 11. Leonidas Ralph Mecham, The Federal court system in the United States, Retrieved form http://www. uscourts. gov/library/internationalbook-fedcts2. pdf 12. Order No. 2216–99, 64 FR 19275, Apr. 20, 1999. 13. Marie Wayson (2008), Virginia Court System: Function and Purpose, Retived on April 2, 2009, http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/724285/virginia_court_system_function_and. html How to cite Court System of Puerto Rico, Papers

Operation Management Multinational Software Firm

Question: Describe about the Operation Management for Multinational Software Firm. Answer: Introduction A few years ago once I was working with a multinational software firm. The firm used to provide web development and application software development services. The company used to provide maintenance with Annual Maintenance Contracts with billions of companies as clients. I started my job as a fresher just out of a technical college and rose through the ranks of Project leader within two years of my time in the company. The company had provided suitable incubation to my career. The company helped me nurture my skills and sharpen them as time progressed. The company used to deal with contracts from Regional Governments as well as overseas clients. The company had been instrumental in developing the inventory control software which the major departmental stores across the world use, some of them are Wall Mart, Tesco, Big Bazaar, Spencer and much more. Working process of the module My job as a fresher used to be quite a challenge for me initially. But as time passed, I got hold of things around me and learned the practical skills of my trade. I learned how to manage an entire project. A project is a massive set of components in an application development environment. The project is first segmented and then allocated within various sectors(Bisen and Srivastava 2009). At the end of development, it is the responsibility of the leader to stitch all the entire software together. The process of dealing with the clients and managing their expectations had taught me a great deal as to what motivates a client. The managing of the projects had taught me how to get the job done. Now that I am actively pursuing this course, this will help me further my knowledge about managing projects. One beautiful morning after reaching my cubicle, I noticed that my colleagues were involved in an argument. The argument was regarding the areas of responsibility of an individual project. The project of the ongoing discussion was under my ambit. I sought out alternatives to the crisis. The process involved talking to superiors and taking their advice in solving out a crucial problem (Burrow and Kleindl 2012). The problem involved creating a balance between various forces of the workplace. The project had to be delivered on time. The client had been urging for delivery before the deadline. The project had to be completed almost three months before it's agreed upon due date. The client refused to cooperate about escalating costs. Since the project was Governmental, there was political pressure upon completion of a digitization project of the Census. The project had to be implemented before the term of a government ended(Maylor 2010). The national project had great significance to the company. I as the project lead sought out viable alternatives to this impending crisis. The task of managing the completion on time was of extreme significance for my team as well. The team received revised deadlines on the same day of the crisis. I thought I loved challenges until I met with this situation. I asked the client who was an administrative officer from the department of finance of the Government, to expedite the process of revising costs. The officer simply refused (Thurlow, Moss and Forster 2004). After several attempts of convincing the person, I realized that all my attempts were futile. After about an hour, I called him up and informed that it would not be possible for the team to execute the project unless there is a clear-cut assurance from the Government that funds will not be the issue. The officer hung up after about a minute and called me back after exactly a minute and a half. The officer informed me that the finance department had given all authority for exp enditure required for completing the project. I informed my superiors and made requisitions to the human resource management for allocating further techies to my team. Relationship between Project Management and actual Management criteria The relation of the entire context that I just discussed has a direct bearing on Project management. The project management deals with the planning, staffing, executing, controlling, and executing and closeout aspects (Bodie and Merton 2000). We can aptly note that the functions of management are also same as that of the phases of project management we just discussed in our last statement. The project management will be helpful for primary dealing with future job positions in management where I would have to do the work out of project team members. The course will help me better substantiate my trade skills and better justify my prompt business management decisions. The subject will help me to rate a crisis while undertaking a project and would serve as a "guiding light" while ratifying decisions (Abdulla 2012). I as a business decision maker used to take decisions based on my common sense and logic. But I lacked the proper theoretical knowledge required to make the most justified de cision. Conclusion The art of project management is a collective result of experience and the acquired skills of the trade. After the completion of the course, I would be able to gather required knowledge about the various aspects of project managing. In general, the formal training is necessary for being a successful project manager. The formal training would ensure the best practice for ensuring the success of the project. The training in this field would give me the tools to manage the efficient utilization of resources and to be better prepared for facing challenges in the daily course of the project development. References Abdulla, M. (2012). Multi-criteria decision making with overlapping criteria.IIMB Management Review, 24(3), pp.137-142. Bisen, V. and Srivastava, S. (2009).Production operation management. Lucknow, India: Word-Press. Bodie, Z. and Merton, R. (2000).Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Burrow, J. and Kleindl, B. (2012).Business Management. Mason, US: Cengage Learning. Maylor, H. (2010).Project management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Thurlow, M., Moss, P. and Forster, R. (2004).Workplace. Sunderland: Art Editions North

International Adoption Essays - Family Law, , Term Papers

International Adoption International Adoption There are many reasons as to why people choose to adopt a child. Sometimes it has to do with infertility and couples decide to adopt children because, ?I could not have biological children and I do not believe in some methods of fertility treatments (Carney),? but there are other reasons too. According to Christine Adamec, some people think that it is better to adopt than to bring another child into the world. Others do not want to pass a certain genetic problem onto other generations, and some have medical problems that would make the pregnancy more difficult than usual, or even harmful to the mother's health. These types of adoptive parents are called preferential adopters (Adamec, 18-19). Most adoption agencies in the United States turn down couples who are fertile. A statement from their physician describing their infertility is required. Since fertile couples are turned down, they generally adopt a child from another country (Adamec, 18-19). The web page http://www.adopt.org/ states that since birth control and abortions are accessible to most United States citizens, fewer unplanned babies are born and a good number of unmarried mothers are choosing to keep their babies. There are relatively few healthy, United States born babies compared to the number of people looking to adopt. The number of foreign-born orphans adopted by United States citizens has risen from 9,356 in 1988 to 15,774 in 1998. This large number of foreign-born orphans adopted by United States citizens is this way because interracial adoption is no longer an issue because in October of 1995 the Multi-Ethnic Placement Act was passed. This act ?bars any agency involved in adoption that receives federal funding from discriminating because of race when considering adoption opportunities for children (http://www.adopt.org/)?. Even thought this act is geared more towards domestic adoption than international adoption, it has occurred in international cases. Depending on several factors, a number of options are available if the adoption of infants or toddlers is being considered. International adoption can include agency adoption (both public and private), independent adoption, and identified adoption. Each state has a public agency charged with the care of children in the state. These agencies include the Bureau of Family and Children's Services, the Division if Social Services, the Department of Human Services and the Department of Public Welfare. A public adoption agency over-sees the provision of services to children, including foster care and adoption, and they are usually found locally in each county (Gilman, 33). Private agencies can be either non-profit or profit organizations. These types of agencies deal with adoptive parents, birth parents, and older children that need adoptive homes. These agencies also deal with international adoption. (Gilman, 35). Identified adoption is when the child knows his or her birth parents, and ha s a relationship with them. This type is not very common in international adoption. (Gilman, 33-36 and Erichsen 27-29) The adoption requirements of many foreign adoption agencies are less stringent than local adoption agencies in the United States. At most United States based international agencies, Single persons and couples married one year or more between the ages of twenty-five and fifty-five, with or without children, of all races and religious affiliations, as well as persons who were previously divorced can find adoption programs in countries to accept their applications. Prospective adoptive parents must be in the middle to upper income bracket, able to quicken documents and able to travel abroad if required. They must also meet the requirements of Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) (Erichsen 25). The INS requires that at least one spouse must be a citizen of the United States. The INS does not approve welfare recipients, or persons convicted of a felony. For infants and babies the INS does not approve of unmarried heterosexual or homosexual couples. But, gay men and lesbians are being considered in the adoption of children older than toddlers through some private and international adoptions In addition some countries will not let women in their late thirties or early forties adopt an infant. It is important that people considering adoption be stable and sensitive and able to give a child love, understanding, and patience (Erichsen, 26-27). Also, adoptive parents must realize the many advantages and disadvantages of adopting

Quit as Predicate Adjective

Quit as Predicate Adjective Quit as Predicate Adjective Quit as Predicate Adjective By Maeve Maddox Does anyone else cringe at the use of quit in the commercial that says: 44% of †¦ users were quit during weeks 9 to 12 of treatment. The context screams for quit as a verb, not as a predicate adjective: 44% of users †¦ had quit after nine weeks. The OEDs entry for quit in predicative sense offers these illustrations: When the book was restored the borrower [was] declared quit. (1866) This charter confers the right of having one man quit from tallage in every royal borough. 1928 Ralph is not quit of his wartime melancholy. (1945) He is tired of Sophina. He wishes to be quit of her, but she cannot afford to leave him. (1997) The example from 1866 sounds a bit like legal jargon. The one from 1928 uses from where we might say of. Those from 1945 and 1997, which include the particle of, sound perfectly idiomatic. When starting to write this post, Id expected to argue that nobody uses quit with a being verb without the of, but Ive found many examples of the infinitive phrase to be quit, mostly in informal writing in comments and forums, and mostly in connection with beating the cigarette habit: I am grateful to be quit. It is 5 months and 3 weeks. But one thing I have not lost sight of:   How truly truly grateful I am to be desperate to be quit. Smoking was a [habit] that had to be quit. David Gelkin has it right – the idea quitting is always bad – is an idea that ought to be quit. But after hearing Ms. Rice’s description of Christianity, I’m thinking it deserves to be quit. Idiom is tricky. The statements with to be quit dont offend my ear the way that drug commercial does. Is it just me? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtUsed To vs. Use ToEpidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

5 Key Tips for How to Potty Train a Puppy Effectively

5 Key Tips for How to Potty Train a Puppy Effectively SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Potty training a puppy is a sometimes messy, but ultimately rewarding process. And with a little know-how and a regular potty routine, you'll be able to get your pup on the right track and keep both your pup and your home happy, comfortable, and clean. So let's look at the ins and outs of how to potty train a puppy: creating a proper potty training routine, setting a potty schedule, and reacting when the inevitable accident occurs. How to Potty Train a Puppy: The Fundamentals Helping your puppy develop trustworthy potty behavior is a crucial part of taking in a new fluffy family member. And it's best to start as soon as possible so that you can establish good behavior early on. Always remember that your new puppy will come to you completely ignorant of the rules and proper protocol of the house. You're teaching behavioral guidelines from the ground up. It's your job to teach your pup where and when mealtimes happen, where and when bedtime and playtime happens, and, of course, where and when to go to potty. So don't be surprised (or angry!) if the first thing your pup tries to do when it comes home is urinate on the carpet- your pup just doesn't know the lay of the land yet. To teach your new puppy the rules of the house, you'll want to give plenty of guided opportunities for the behavior you want to see and also interrupt and redirect any unwanted behavior. Applying this to potty habits, you'll need to guide and provide your dog with opportunities to eliminate in the right places and interrupt unwanted elimination whenever you see it. Though accidents will happen, proper potty training is about minimizing them whenever possible. So not only should you give opportunities for your dog to perform the desired behavior (in this case pottying in the right places), but reasons for your dog to do so. Dogs repeat behaviors that have rewarded them in the past, and they develop routines just like people do. Your job is to make pottying in the right place more rewarding to your dog than pottying in undesirable locations. If they get rewards for going where you want them to go and nothing for doing it anywhere else, then they're going to keep pottying in the "right" places so they can keep those rewards coming! Now that we've covered the basics, let's go into more depth about exactly how to potty train a dog. #1: Prepare Your Home for Potty Training a Puppy Before you even bring your new puppy home, there are a few things you'll need to purchase to make potty training go as smoothly as possible. When it comes to house training you'll need three things for your new pup: containment, a designated bathroom area, and a reward. Containment Dogs are naturally averse to soiling their den-space. Ultimately, your goal is to teach your dog that the whole house is you and your pup's extra large den. To start this process, keep your puppy contained indoors or in your direct line of sight at all times. You'll need to restrict your puppy's free movement around the house so that you can prevent any accidents from occurring (and any bad habits from forming). As your dog gets older and more trustworthy, you can extend this free play time until your dog is free to roam the house most of the time. Containment can be a dog crate, a baby gate to contain the puppy in a particular room or area, or a puppy den/playpen. You might even use multiple types of containment depending on the time of day. For example, you may use a crate at night during bedtime and a puppy playpen during the day. As long as the space is limited and your puppy spends a good deal of time there, your pup will start to feel like that space is their den area. The more at home your pup feels in a space, the more reluctant they'll be to soil it. Bathroom Area You're really teaching your pup two different concepts when you potty train them: where to go to the bathroom, and where not to go to the bathroom. Teaching your dog where to go to the bathroom is much simpler than teaching them the ten thousand places not to go. Your dog will start to understand where to go potty if you take your pup to the same spot for every potty break. If you're using a wee mat, then always keep the mat in the same place and bring your puppy there for each bathroom break. If you're teaching your pup to go potty outside, always bring your pup (on a leash!) to the same spot each and every time. Wherever you choose to take them, this will soon become their "bathroom spot." And they'll soon learn that it's time to go potty whenever you lead them there. Reward Nothing says "job well done" better than a reward! For potty training purposes, praise, treats, and gentle pats act as rewards of good elimination behavior. In the first few weeks of house training, try to give your pup both praise and a dog treat for every successful elimination. As your pup gets older and more used to eliminating in the right place, you can start giving treats less often. But always remember to congratulate your pup every time! #2: Use a Cue Word to Show Your Puppy When to Potty To help your pup know what to do during potty breaks, it's best to connect the act with a cue word or phrase. That way, your pup will learn that the cue word means it's time to go. And, eventually, you'll also be able to ask your pup to go potty on command. The phrase or word can be anything you'd like it to be, such as "go potty" or "do your business." So long as it's a phrase you don't use in normal conversation, any phrase will work. Begin the process by saying the phrase just as your dog is starting to eliminate. (Note: say the cue gently enough that your pup doesn't get startled or distracted and stop!) Use the cue word every single time your pup eliminates in the right spot. Once you feel that your pup has connected the cue word with the action of eliminating (usually after 2 or 3 days), begin saying the cue word just as your pup starts to get into "potty position," but before your pup starts to actually eliminate. You're shifting the phrase to cue the behavior just before it occurs. That way, your dog will learn that the cue word means it's time to eliminate. Once you feel confident that your pup knows the cue acts as a command to eliminate (usually after a week or two of repetition), give the cue word before your pup even gets into position. Now you're signaling to your dog: "it's time to go!" even before they've thought of doing it themselves. If your pup doesn't eliminate on cue (or make an attempt to eliminate), then take a step back in the process and try again. Eventually, they'll connect the phrase with the command to potty. #3: Rely on Positive Reinforcement When Housebreaking a Puppy Lets talk a little more about rewards- positive reinforcement is a major part of how to potty train a puppy. As we've mentioned, dogs will quickly learn to repeat any behavior that results in a reward, which is a technique known as "positive reinforcement." If always going to the bathroom in the proper place gets your pup a reward (and eliminating inside never does), then your pup is going to want to start pottying in the proper place. With positive reinforcement, both consistency and timing are key. You'll want to praise and reward your pup every time you see the desired behavior, exactly when the behavior occurs. If you don't time the reward properly, your pup might believe the reward is connected to a separate behavior. For instance, if you give a reward too late, your puppy might think it's being rewarded for stopping peeing or stepping away from the potty area, rather than for eliminating in the right spot. Because timing for positive reinforcement is so crucial, it's a good idea to connect a word or a sound with a desired behavior (and its subsequent reward). That way, your dog knows it's being rewarded for the correct behavior and not something else. For example, if you say the word "yes!" or use another consistent noise like a clicker and then always give your dog a treat, your dog will connect the sound to the reward. Then, you can use that connection between "positive noise" and "reward" during potty training. While your dog is eliminating, use the "reward" sound to let your dog know that that particular behavior is the one that's being rewarded. That way, your pup still connects the proper behavior to the reward, even if it takes you an extra second or two to give your puppy the treat. By combining your go-potty cue word with your positive-reward signal, your potty training routine will eventually look like this: "Go potty!" *dog eliminates* "Yes!" *treat* #4: Set a Potty Training Schedule For the first few weeks, expect to take your puppy to go potty upwards of 10 to 15 times a day. When to take your puppy to go potty: First thing in the morning Immediately after each meal Immediately after your pup wakes up from a nap Regularly throughout the day and evening (every hour to every few hours) Right before bed What does it mean to take your puppy out "regularly" during the day? Begin by taking your puppy to the same designated potty area once every hour. Whether this is to a specific spot outside or to a wee mat, keep the location consistent to help acclimate your pup to going in a specific place. (Special note: avoid setting a loud timer to remind yourself to take your puppy out- your puppy will likely start associating the sound with potty time and it could lead to some accidents in the house if you're not careful!) Always wait until your pup has eliminated before going back inside. There will be a lot of "waiting around" time for both you and your pup during the first few weeks of potty training and you'll just have to be patient. Sometimes your pup will be reluctant to pee outside or on the wee mat for any number of reasons, and you may want to give up and just go inside. But it's very common that a puppy will spend 5 or 10 minutes doing nothing outside and then come straight inside and pee on the floor (argh!). So patience is the key to success. Eventually, your puppy will learn that eliminating in the right place (and doing so quickly!) brings a quicker reward. For every month, increase the time between outings by an hour. So you'll go from one to two hours, then three, and four, and so on, up to a maximum time of eight hours between bathroom breaks. If you notice that your pup is having more accidents or is otherwise signaling to go outside, go back the previous schedule and reduce the time between potty trips. As a general rule of thumb, puppies can hold their bladders for about an hour for every one month of age, up to eight hours. So a two-month-old puppy can hold its bladder for about two hours and a five-month-old puppy can hold its bladder for about five hours. No puppy (or grown dog) should be expected to hold its bladder for more than eight hours unless it's overnight. Do take note that this rule mostly applies to medium and larger breed dogs (over 30 lbs). Small dogs simply can't hold their bladders as long as larger dogs can, and this applies extra for puppies. So if you have a small breed puppy, subtract an hour or two from the estimate. A five-month-old Chihuahua puppy, for example, can reasonably hold its bladder for three to four hours. For the first three or four months- or even longer for smaller breeds- you'll also likely need to take your puppy outside or to the wee mat in the middle of the night or very early in the morning (think 4 or 5 AM). Small puppies just can't last the whole night without needing a bathroom break or soiling their sleeping area. So, even though it's annoying to have to get up in the middle of the night, you must do so for your pup. For the sake of your puppy (and your house) always respond promptly to your puppy's signals to go outside. #5: Give Your Puppy Free Play Time After your pup has eliminated in the proper place, you can allow 15 - 90 minutes of free, un-contained time (depending on how old your puppy is and how long your pup can hold its bladder). Make sure you keep your eyes on your puppy during this time to help prevent any accidents. After free time is over, invite your pup to go into the puppy den or contained area until it's time for the next potty break. "Free play" time should be only a fraction of as long as your puppy can reasonable hold its bladder. So if your puppy can only last for an hour until the next potty break, let free play time be a maximum of 15 minutes. If your pup can last four hours, let free play time be 50 or 60 minutes. Just because your pup can last for four hours between potty breaks doesn't mean it wants to unless confined to a space it's reluctant to soil. So don't invite temptation for your pup to eliminate in the house by allowing your puppy too much free time. Establishing a regular potty routine with your pup will help minimize accidents, as will learning how to interpret your dog's signals. It's common for dogs to circle, sniff at the ground, move to a corner of a room, whine, or scratch at doors to signal that they're about to relieve themselves or to indicate that they want to go outside. You'll have to figure out your own dog's personal signals and keep a sharp eye out. #6: Deal With House Training Accidents Calmly Accidents will inevitably happen while house training a puppy, so don't get too discouraged. And knowing how to properly handle and move on from potty training accidents is just as important as teaching the correct behavior. If you catch your puppy going to the bathroom where it shouldn't, interrupt the behavior as quickly as you can. Clap your hands, give a small cry, or say an "uh-un!" command to stop the dog from continuing. Your goal isn't to punish or frighten your dog, merely to stop the behavior. Immediately take your puppy to the designated "potty area" to finish, and give praise and a treat as normal when the deed is done. If you find evidence of a potty accident after the fact and don't catch your pup in the act, simply clean up the mess as soon as possible and move on. Make sure to use a bio-enzyme cleaner to remove any traces of pheromones or other odors in order to prevent your pup from targeting the same spot over and over. Although it can be frustrating to have a puppy who has accidents or to find urine or feces in corners of your home, never punish your dog retroactively. Dogs don't understand the connection between their earlier behavior and a later punishment. Dogs only understand a correction if you catch them in the act of doing something wrong and you interrupt that wrong behavior. So don't yell at your puppy, try to make them feel "guilty," or bring them over to the accident area to "confront" the mess; these actions won't have any positive effect on your pup's potty training and will only upset and confuse your dog. So, instead of yelling at your dog, take accidents as an indicator that you need to more carefully monitor your puppy's schedule and behavior. Your dog may need to go out a little more often than you had thought or need a smaller space when restricted so that they won't want to soil their "den" area. How Long Until a Dog Is Fully Potty Trained? House training is a long process and many trainers say that a dog is only considered "fully potty trained" if the dog has gone more than a year without having an accident indoors. For some dogs, it can take upwards of two or three years to reach this point. But most dogs are reasonably well potty trained by 12 to 18 months. And larger breed dogs (80 lbs+) tend to pick up on potty training faster than smaller dogs. If your puppy starts to have a higher number of accidents than before, take a step back in your potty training. Regression is common, so don't get discouraged if it happens. So if you'd been waiting four hours between potty breaks for your four-month-old puppy, then go back to three hours between breaks. Potty training isn't a race and each puppy will be different. Be patient with your pup and with yourself and you'll get there in the end. How to Potty Train a Puppy: 6 Steps When housebreaking a puppy, follow these guidelines: #1: Give your puppy a contained home space and a specific bathroom space.#2: Use a cue word to indicate to your dog that it's time to potty.#3: Set a clear potty training schedule.#4: Use treats and positive reinforcement to encourage your dog's progress.#5: Give your puppy a little free play time but not so much that their tempted to potty inside.#6: Interrupt dogs who are going to the bathroom in the house, but don't punish them retroactively. This guide covers all the basics of how to potty train a puppy, but don't hesitate to ask at your local pet store or doggy day care (or even dog park) if you have more questions!